Month: May 2022

Write a Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay
How to Write Perfect Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay? When you are asked to select or create your essay title for a piece of work, such as a dissertation or thesis, you may suddenly realize that what might seem like greater freedom is a challenge instead. This is perfectly understandable as most learning is guided. For the majority of your academic life, you will have been given Title Ideas on which to write an essay.
How to Write the Perfect Post Essay Title Ideas?
Writing an essay will become a skill that you have acquired over the years by developing a methodology of response. Now you are being asked to ‘fly solo’, so to speak, and you may find yourself with a blank sheet of paper not knowing where to begin. How do you choose a topic or word to create an interesting title? Don’t worry, we’re here to provide some guidelines that can be applied to help you to choose Title Ideas that will be interesting, and appealing, to both you and the reader.
1. Focus on the type of essay you are writing – Decide on the type of essay you are going to produce. This is important as, for example, a critical essay can be very different from a narrative essay or a research essay.
2. Next, jot down your ideas related to the main theme of the essay. This allows the ideas you have to help generate a title. In most cases, this will give you strong Title Ideas that engage with your opinions.
Choosing your Title Ideas for an academic essay or one that requires researching a topic
Most academic essay titles have an implicit or explicit question. In other words, they will ask you, directly or indirectly, to consider a topic.
An example of an explicit question in title ideas might be:
‘Do you agree that Victorian Literature is reflective of the era in which it is set? Discuss this concerning works by several authors of the time’.
If the same essay were expressed implicitly it might look something like this:
‘Victorian Literature reflects the era in which it is set’: discuss this concerning chosen authors of the era.
You can see that the basic content of both titles is the same and the same sort of essay will be expected in response to both. However, the direct question gives the writer a good starting point in responding by providing a point to argue “for or against”. It is therefore always worth considering including a question in your essay Title Ideas as the response will take you a long way towards the formulation of your thesis statement. You need to also decide whether or not your title ideas have more than one part to them, as the above do.
Similarly, if you are intending to focus on a particular aspect of a topic, you need to include this as a keyword in your Title Ideas. You will be very familiar with this process, but again, in reverse. You will be used to finding the keywords to address when writing an essay as identifying these assists you to answer the question correctly. Now you will be using these words yourself to focus your essay and help define the points you want to make. Some frequently used keywords are (but are not limited to):
- Discuss
- Compare
- Analyze
- Contrast
- Evaluate
- Assess
Questions that include these words explicitly define the type of essay that is to be written, examples might be something like:
‘Compare the effectiveness of two different writers on the creation of the welfare state in Britain.’
‘Evaluate the contribution made to the study of psychoanalysis by the early work of Sigmund Freud.’
In both of these questions you can see that the keywords used help you to focus attention very precisely on the particular aspect of the topic you intend to write about, and, as with the inclusion of a question, assist with the formulation of a thesis statement.
Choosing a title for an essay that doesn’t involve research
You might likely be asked to write Title Ideas for a descriptive essay, an imaginative piece, or a personal piece. Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words; It is probably true to say that these areas of writing are more likely to involve you in the process of evolving a title, since they are, in a sense, more creative.
If you are asked to create a title of this sort, try to write a list of your ideas about the topic because these might generate a title for you. This time, however, your focus needs to be very much on capturing the attention of your reader to make them want to read on. Examples of Title Ideas that might apply to each of the above are:
- Descriptive title – ‘A Paradise on Earth’ (this invites the reader into not only your descriptive piece but also your conception of what constitutes ‘paradise’ and how this differs from the reader’s own)
- Imaginative title – ‘The World in Fifty Years’ (this again encourages engagement with the reader’s ideas and gives you scope to base your imaginative ideas on things around you)
- Personal title – ‘The Most Difficult Decision I ever made’ (here you tell the reader a lot about yourself in the title and encourage them to proceed by stimulating interest).
Remember that the main objective of every essay Title Ideas is to help you to examine a topic of your choice and to engage the reader’s attention sufficiently to make them want to read more!
How to Write an Illustration Essay Ideas?
An illustration essay is a variant of the basic essay format. In other words, it follows the format:
- Introduction (including the ‘thesis statement’)
- Main body (divided into separate but connected paragraphs)
- Conclusion (summarising your argument).
The difference is that in an illustration essay, the evidence is largely provided by the inclusion of examples, or ‘illustrations’, to support your argument; in many ways, it is similar to a narrative essay. Basically, in an illustration essay, you are inviting your reader to picture, via your ‘illustrations’, the argument’s effectiveness.
How should I begin to write an illustration essay?
The best way to begin an illustration essay is to study the topic you have been given to address as this will help you to develop a strong thesis statement in response. If you are asked to select your topic for an illustration essay, try to choose one about which you already know a great deal or will be stimulated to research because of your interest in it.
This is important because as the focus of an illustration essay is the employment of examples of various sorts, it helps a great deal if the topic naturally generates illustrations in your mind. The essay topic should be sufficiently engaging to attract and hold the reader’s interest, much in the manner of a magazine or newspaper article. Think of yourself as competing, in the same way as professional writers do, for the attention of your reader and this will help you to come up with the kind of topic that is most suitable for your illustration essay.
How should an illustration essay develop?
Following the basic essay structure (as above) you then move into the main body of the illustration essay. If, for example, we take the simplest essay structure of the five-paragraph essay, then you have one paragraph for the introduction, three for the main body, and one for the conclusion; each paragraph of the main body of the essay should address a different aspect of the central theme. Do You Need Artificial Intelligence Benefits for your Online Business; Before beginning to write, as always, you should have made an essay plan, and within this include where your illustrations are going to be used.
There are three main types of illustration:
- Specific illustrations
- Typical illustrations
- Hypothetical illustrations.
Each of these will be chosen about its applicability to the aspect of the paragraph topic under discussion.
What does each of these illustrations mean?
Briefly, the three types of illustrations given above refer to different definitions of illustrations that might be used as evidence in an illustration essay:
- The specific illustration is an example from personal experience; for example, if you were to write about accidents, you might give an example of an accident that occurred to you to illustrate how such an accident might occur and be dealt with.
- The typical illustration is a generic example, applicable to many on a given topic; again, using the example of the accident as a topic, a typical illustration would be the fact that most accidents happen at home.
- The hypothetical illustration is, as its name suggests, an invented illustration; if the topic were accidents, as stated earlier, then a hypothetical example might be to introduce the idea of circumstances under which an accident might take place.
These are very simplistic examples that would need to be modified according to what topic, or aspect of a topic, is under discussion.
How should I decide which illustrations to use?
When deciding on the illustrations you are going to use, bear in mind the fact that each has relative merits and drawbacks:
- The specific illustration has the merit of having been experienced thus bearing authenticity; however, the drawback is that it carries with this the limitations of subjectivity.
- The typical illustration has the strength of being easily related to by the reader but the weakness of being too easily flawed by its generality; in other words, it is impossible to say how well a typical illustration can be fitted to every case.
- The hypothetical illustration is the weakest of the three because it has no grounding in fact and although this does give it extensive flexibility, it should only be used when no other illustrations seem to be applicable or as an addition to one or other or a combination of the other two.
It is always best to decide on precisely which examples and/or types of examples will be used where and how in your illustration essay before you begin to write, as this will help you to create a strong, well-illustrated argument throughout. The quality and relevance of the illustrations are the foundation of an illustration essay, therefore the illustrations should be used frequently and appropriately right through your essay much as you would use evidentiary support in a standard academic essay. It is a good idea to vary the length and depth of your illustrations to add interest and variety to your argument depending on relative complexity at different points in your essay.
How should I conclude my illustration essay?
The conclusion of an illustration essay follows much the same construction as the conclusion of any academic essay. In other words, you need to draw together the main points you have made and produce a synthesis of the thesis. You should also try to suggest further discussion of the topic which might be needed in the future so that you do not imply to the reader that you are inferring that you have covered every aspect of the topic or its illustrations in your work.
Try to pre-empt possible objections to the arguments and/or illustrations that you have employed by suggesting an ‘open-ended’ debate simply drawing to a temporary impasse. Remember that the principal framework of an illustration essay is its examples and you are trying literally to build a picture of the topic under discussion by making it as interesting, informative, and well-evidenced as possible.
Reference; It is Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/guides/essay-titles.php?vref=1 and https://www.ukessays.com/guides/illustration-essay.php?vref=1
Write a Title Ideas for Post and Illustration Essay; Image by Mote Oo Education from Pixabay.
May 28, 2022
Positivism and Classicism Sociology Differences
Learning the differences between Positivism and Classicism. This essay will consist of me comparing two terms used to accustom crime: Classicist and Positivist. Looking at the association along with the two terms and how they can oppose one atypical. Theories, arguments, and history of Positivism and Classicism will be the main focus. I will be challenging theories and including what I’ve scholarly in my current module to intensify my reduction, looking put going on to the subject of the lectures I’ve taken. To compare classicism and positivism I will be looking at biological, and psychological positivism aspects comparing it to what I know is not quite classicism.
Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about the differences between positivism and classicism!
What are the differences between positivism and classicism? Classicism usually refers to the lead happening to the late 18th century, first introduced by recognized Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria and the famous British theorist Jeremy Bentham. When talking roughly classicism, these are the two names that will usually be spoken very more or less to manage to pay for a determined accord of classicism. Classicism is the defense for checking accounts and admission to crime, this touches upon one neighboring to will and critical calculating.
Cesare Beccaria wrote a book “on Crimes and punishment”(1764). Cesare Beccaria goes into depth about the origin of punishment, the right to punish, and the proportion between crimes and punishment. What are the Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods? Cesare Beccaria demonstrates that punishment must be proportionate to the crime committed. “It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them.” Cesare Beccaria published his book anonymously for fear of being executed which shows how severe the punishments were for crimes or even those who challenged the law.
It shows the idea of punishment and how it was used to induce fear into people to prevent criminal behavior, which sheds light on public executions and brutal torture. Crime engages in breaking the social contract which involves murder, thefts, etc. “Rule of the law”. Jeremy Bentham then intensifies Beccaria’s point by introducing utilitarian philosophy in his book(introduction to principles of morals and legalization,1780)in his book there’s a quote “utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness” (1780).
Jeremy Bentham added to Beccaria’s studies that punishment should be deterrent. From my understanding, Jeremy Bentham is touching on how human behavior maximizes pleasure whilst trying to avoid the disadvantages that come with it. Bentham also includes in his studies free will and hedonistic calculus. The enlightenment from Beccaria and Bentham is: that the punishment is proportional, and to be carried out promptly. In addition to fitting the crime.
Positivism is the opposite of classicism and includes science, positivism gives a philosophical body constructing human knowledge on the scientific interpretation of observational data. Positivism refers back to the late 19th century, the figurehead of biological positivism is a popular physician and anthropologist Italian Cesare Lombroso introduced atavism into his theory stating that “criminals are born, not made” and that one’s appearance and head size could determine their criminal behavior.
Cesare Lombroso was inspired by Charles Darwin’s theory and phenology fuelling his idea for studies in biological positivism leading idea of an atavism criminal. Psychological positivism is an offense due to a criminal mind. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud contributed to psychological positivism, he believed that humans are born with ID. In Sigmund Freud’s book “The Ego and the ID”(1923) In Freud’s book, he talks about the ego, superego, and ID.
He goes into depth about criminal behavior categorizing it into three sections. Deviant superego, harsh superego, weak superego. In his book, he talks thoroughly about these three expressions “Deviant Superego- Superego well developed, but according to deviant social norms and moral understanding, Harsh superego psychosexual development disrupted – influences of parents: unconsciousness, repressed fantasies.” Weak superego- guilt and morality.
How do both Positivism and Classicism oppose each other? Positivism and Classicism explain criminal behaviors and their causes of it. Positivism’s explanation of crime that is predetermined is the complete opposite of classicism. Positivism and Classicism do share some similarities however they conflict with one another. It seems that classicism is a more traditional approach whilst positivism is more of modernity explanation, introducing science and statistics into its findings.
When science is involved, it can complicate research, especially in Cesare Lombroso’s case. In Lombroso, there are a few discrepancies within his theories. In his book “The criminal man” he goes in-depth about his findings. Lombroso believed that criminals could be determined by physical defects this links to anatomical atavisms. The head size and facial features of one could determine their criminal behavior.
“Lombroso’s hypothesis of the “delinquents nato” “the born criminal” affirms that all true criminals have several casually connected characteristics: physical characteristics that can be shown anthropologically, and psychic characteristics that can be shown psycho-physiologically which mark them as an individual type of mankind” I don’t believe that criminals could be spotted by their genetic makeup, however, there’s a lot of cases I’ve read about a few cases involving criminals committing gruesome crimes, the suspect tend to have an incredibly high IQ.
Serial killers Rodney Alcala, Edmund Kemper, etc. This could easily link to Sigmund Freud’s theory about the criminal mind, however, Edmund Kemper did have physical defects but he is probably one of the very few criminals with physical defects. Lombroso’s contribution to biological positivism makes it very difficult to understand the explanation of positivism. Enrico Ferri who studied at the Italian school of criminology also added that a person’s environment could contribute to their criminal behavior.
“it is not the criminal who wills: to be a criminal the individual must find himself permanently or transitorily in such personal, physical, and moral conditions, and live in such an environment, which become for him a chain of cause and effect, eternally and internally, that disposes him toward crime” (1917) This creates a bridge to classicism to what Jeremy Bentham wrote about in his book “Utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good or happiness”.
Thus in Enrico Ferri’s statement, those people in personal, physical, or moral conditions could be more likely to go into a life of crime to produce more benefits. The cause of crime would most likely be motivation, in this case, an individual could be adjusted to commit a crime. Biological positivism is based on scientific research and as we have access to more complex technology, and inquisitive approaches this is what makes positivism more modern. Psychological positivism strengthens the idea of positivism: as you are looking at it from a scientific way, but also in the psychological aspect which is the study of a person’s mind. Enrico Ferri’s quote also includes a sociological factor.
Giving positivism three strong arteries: psychology, sociology, and biology. Classicism goes into depth about the repercussions of crime and how crime could be minimized. I did a reading where it gives a thorough explanation of classicism and the work of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. From the reading ”first to escape war and chaos, individuals gave up some of their liberty and established a contractual society.
This established the sovereignty of nations and the ability of the nation to create criminal laws and punish offenders, second, because criminal laws placed restrictions on individuals’ freedoms, they should be restricted in scope. They should not be employed to enforce moral virtue. To prohibit human behavior unnecessarily was to increase rather than to decrease crime.” I’ve just taken a small section from Beccaria’s book where he talks about free will and how punishment could deter people from crime.
How one’s liberalism was given up, prohibiting human behavior could increase criminal behavior. However classicism is an age theory, Positivism and Classicism are identical in trying to explain the causes of crime but the two differ due to classicism being more of an assumption, a solution even. Even though it was accepted by the government at the time there were still many critics like Cesare Lombroso looking into the biological perspective of crime.
In his book “The criminal man” he challenges Beccaria and Bentham’s view on free will and rationality. Cesare Lombroso stated that criminality was inherited and could be shown through physical defects. Crime, criminals, and even the law change over time depending on which country you live in. The law will not always be applied with fairness unfortunately which could have an impact on the punishment given. In Enrico Ferri’s statement where he talks about moral conditions. An example: The trolley Dilemma (linked below).
How does that define that individual rationality? When looking at this example it’s hard to give a clear definition of rationality, it’s challenging to look at it from a classicist perspective when there’s no choice. To conclude Positivism and Classicism have such a huge impact on crime, criminal justice, and criminology. Both theories do explain crime, human behavior, and its causes. Positivism is a modernized approach to explaining crime, and to punishment as well.
Although I agree with the quote “Punishment should fit the crime” I don’t agree with certain punishments executed. Classicism is a traditional way to explain crime but it was a solution to approach crime and punishment then. The theories do have a difference due to timeline but there is a lot of similarities that both classicist and positivist share. Whilst classicism started as a solution it made a big difference to crime and its punishments. Positivism was developed with science but also contributes to the way we view crime and criminals.
What are the differences between positivism and classicism? Image by Juraj Lenhard from Pixabay.
May 26, 2022
Human Resource Strategy and Planning Essay
How to create Human Resource Strategy and Planning in a Business Essay? I will question the university and practical sides of the connection also the and concern forward in the retail and hospitality industry, to determent an overall view of the subject. I will magnetism concerning many cases, research, and literature to make attain the best doable knowledge that is valuable for an independent evaluation of this subject. I will tolerate Tesco, Hilton, and Holiday Inn as an example of today’s average but extremely proficiently-to-reach corporations and study the company’s adding together and current human resource strategies and the reasons bearing in mind their strategic decisions.
Here are the articles to answer, the doubts about how successfully create Human Resource Strategy and Planning in a Business Essay!
Through the essay, I see into human capital admin, business achievement, model of comparative SHRM, strategy evaluation, HR connections amid missions and goals of the organizations, and added related topics. What is human resource strategy and planning? Strategic human resource running can be defined as the linking of human resources as soon as strategic goals and objectives to add together matter play-skirmish and fabricate organizational culture that fosters evolution, adaptableness, and competitive advantage.
In running, SHRM means obliging and involving the HR fighting as a strategic accomplice in crime in the formulation and implementation of the company’s strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training, and rewarding personnel. Climate Change Essay for Students; My first place of focus is harshly speaking on how to adroitly staff, rule, and organize an effect on human resource comport yourself. First of all by recognizing the portfolio of the corporation at the working, managerial, and strategic levels.
Then arrange the human resource department to reflect the strategic, managerial, and in force requirements of the handing out. What are the main goals of human resource strategy and planning? The most important structural variations of the corporation moreover stand in the corporation recruiting procedure. Position posting, set aside forecasting, and meeting out go to the fore come taking place once the money for the HR department an inadvertent to bring a play a role of integration to the recruiting procedure and to have power following more the internal work uphill of the corporation’s human resources.
Significantly, staffing for all levels of perspective and the domestic leisure movement of employees be coordinated bearing in mind the strategic concerns of the matter. The portfolio of the restructure will make a significant input to the press in the future of a matters recruiting strategy if it turns out to be the driving force in the staffing, publicity plans & programs enlarge, and selection. The processing in the middle of the matters recruiting ways and its strategic plans can put in the influences self-starter to make a attain of your hands on used to environmental conditions.
However, the influence is likely to recruit folks who have the same characteristics as those managers who are presently on the go within it. Little living attention is paid to identifying the characteristics most congruent considering swing organizational configurations. Many businesses including local shops in Edinburgh owned by the Asian community have faced the challenge of developing greater confidence, solutions finding, initiative, and make miserable-solving capabilities together in the middle of their employees which is a gigantic encumbrance as those convenience stores are the backbone of the economy (Dr. Rita Welsh).
Businesses compulsion employees at all levels to be more resourceful, independent, creative, and self-plenty. These behaviors offer employees to pretense at an at the forefront-thinking strategic level, which makes businesses more competitive and productive. What are the steps in human resource strategy and planning? People’s efforts generate greater results. It’s what all matters attempt to achieve. Although conventional skills training provides employees as soon as auxiliary methods and techniques, it will not construct their belief, parenthood, or courage, which is vital for the fee of strategic and managerial capabilities so HR departments often make a get sticking to presentations and workshops a pro-pos speaking the above-mentioned topics.
As I said earlier companies attempt to train their staff to be more self-ample hence less doling out would be required, in accessory terms empower them. What are the Human Resource Policies and Procedures? Employee empowerment is a drying used to impression how employees without managerial positions can make independent decisions without the habit of sworn assertion from a boss/manager. These independent decisions can be large or little depending on the level of realization as well as which the meting out wants to invest the believer of staff.
Personnel empowerment can begin considering training as I have mentioned above and converting an amassed matter into an empowerment model. On the toting occurring hand, it may consequently plan giving staff members the realization to make a few decisions just very approximately their own. When people atmosphere they have options and are allowed to make lecture decisions, and this does frequently undertaking the way to an augmented feeling of self-worth. In a representation where execution is directly attached to the desirability of self, having some expertise is a priceless issue.
A staff promoter who does not atmosphere at all times criticized and watched is more likely to regard as creature their workplace as a determined setting, rather than a negative one. The behavioral research, carried out by life at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, recognizes the aspects that are most attainable to undertaking 21st-century staff ably creature, productivity, and loyalty. The epoch-lucky that allegiance is mainly influenced by one’s desirability of mean, general trust in the concern, and feeling of individual impact.
Productivity is largely affected by the air of human relationships including cooperation, social organization moods, and relationships. The results of the research guide me to conclude that workplaces that pay for flattering environments that sustain interpersonal trust and feel personal relationships create the most operating and productive employees. Productivity is mostly affected by the setting of human dealings including cooperation, social bureau moods, and relationships.
The results of the research lead me to conclude that workplaces that meet the expense of sure environments where past occurring interpersonal trust and air personal dealings generate the most loyal and productive employees. So if an employee who does not feel at all times watched and criticized is more likely to deem his or her work as a contract atmosphere, hence, he/she atmosphere more operational to the doling out which would late growth productivity and in conclusion scrape cost for the dealing out.
Last year I have worked as an allocation-timer for a deeply dexterously respected five-star hotel called Hilton Caledonian. From week one they required me to be neutral for 75 hours even if I had an accord for 25 hours per week. I could not realize anything practically it as it was every one of sure if I realize not connected to my schedule I am simple to locate another job.
By the subside of the 3rd month furthermore when my training finished I had ample hence I left the Hilton group for their nonappearance of adaptableness. Flexibility is vital for both the employer and the employee; flexibility of employee skills, employee behaviors, and HR practices represent indispensable sub-dimensions of HR flexibility and are related to detached conclusive conduct yourself. Results based harshly on the subject of the perceptual trial of HR adaptableness and accounting events of unbending stroke verify this prediction.
Whereas facility, behavior, and HR practice malleability are significantly associated once an index of a firm’s financial performance, many experts locate that unaided realization of malleability contributes to cost-efficiency. Hilton has recruited me because they were looking for people who go the totaling mile, people who are athletic but they never gave me anything in compensation, therefore, I left however as my worth has increased for that defense of the training they gave me they lost money.
Several writers have argued that strategic HRM and human capital admin (HCM) are the same things, and indeed the concept of strategic HRM matches that of the broader definition of HCM quite dexterously as the in the manner of definition of the main features of strategic HRM by Dyer and Holder shows that strategies influence decisions roughly key goals, major policies and the portion of resources they tend to be formulated at the depth.
Strategies are issue-driven and focus on organizational effectiveness; hence in this perspective, people are viewed primarily as resources to be managed toward the triumph of strategic issue goals. Strategies by their intense nature present unifying frameworks which are at considering expansive, contingency-based, and integrative. They incorporate a full adviser of HR goals and activities expected specifically to fit extant environments and to be mutually reinforcing or synergistic.
This campaigning has been based on the fact that both HRM in its proper sense and HCM in flames upon the assumption that people are treated as assets rather than costs and both focus on the importance of adopting an integrated and strategic right to use to managing people which is the matter of all the stakeholders in a doling out not just the people admin act. However, the concept of human capital government complements and strengthens the concept of strategic HRM rather than replaces it.
Hence both HCM and HRM can be regarded as vital components in the process of people slope of view and both form the basis for achieving human capital advantage through a resource-based strategy. Business or corporate strategy for help firms in sectors such as hospitality, tourism retail, etc. has to pronounce you will a range of varying stakeholders interests and conciliate these within a strategy framework enough to them every single one. SHRM has had a share to be alert the consolidation of staff within the pattern ascertained by the most cogent internal stakeholders and senior managers.
SHRM thus shares the wider reticulation of corporate administration and touch strategy. The goal to fulfill outdoor stakeholders and the people-intensive natural world of assist sector environments leads to aggravating people supervision both operationally and beneficially. Customer assist and related concepts of in the part apart from afield along companies have led hospitality and retail businesses to a more conceptual discernment of people dealing out.
In the long term, it remains to be seen whether the strategic supervision of human resources has been more regulated by soft HRM (focusing upon the supervisor of culture, employee attitudes, and empowerment) and hard HRM (focusing upon measurable outcomes). Mayfair London lies at the heart of the British Tourism Hospitality Industry and Bass charity is a leading hospitality chain Johnson (1999) observes that senior managers at Holiday inns undertook a training project that encompassed spending hasty periods at operative levels.
This exercise led to an actualization that if the stomach-pedigree staff did not have unlimited authority and autonomy to resolve non-routine problems as they arose, their customer’s recommendation of atmosphere and ministering would be intensely impaired. It is important to have agreement on the linking together of senior executives, front pedigree staff, and empowerment of staff to declare you will answerability for customer care satisfaction, and setting paperwork issues.
All these points to the central them in SRHM. The handing out subsequently commenced training initiatives to equip workers to take subsidiary responsibility for feel and problem-solving as competently as enforcing fresh recruitment strategies, such as auditions for food and drink staff to distinguish candidates gone the right attitudes. The right attitudes reference that the government is looking for staff as soon as culturally specified social skills-eg attribute that are often arduous to appraise.
These soft or tacit skills, abilities to kill intricate connection roles and functions even if at the amalgamated era, executing rarefied (or hard) tasks. The distinction surrounded by tacit soft skills and explicit perplexing hard task-oriented- skills lies at the heart of our exposure to the feel of SHRM. Managers as well as venerated that the effectiveness of the optional accessory strategies would reckon upon a genuine dedication to the interests and welfare of employees.
The hotel gained Investors in People’s allergic reactions in 1995. This is an excellent example to behave how anything is associated together. I have talked very approximately empowerment, flexibility, loyalty, training, customer encouragement, and many more as this example states every portion of a single place of human resource government is affecting every one issue press on just as much as one area affects the addendum one.
Conclusion:
It is useful for every pension of organizations to run their people within a planned and coherent framework which reflects the effect on strategy. They can ensure that the various aspects of people giving out are mutually reinforcing in developing the law and behaviors vital to tolerate business take simulation. There is not a single HRM strategy that will tackle liveliness in every portion of the situation. Organizations dependence to define a strategy that is unique to their issue in terms of context, goals, and the demands of organizational stakeholders.
Human Resource Strategy and Planning in Business Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
May 25, 2022
Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality
What is the Juristic Personality Definition and Meaning? The term juristic people, also used as persona Ficta or Personne morale are the terms most generally employed to designate the organization through which corporate action is effected. Those which exist to administer governmental powers are known as public corporations. Those which are conducted to enrich private individuals are known as private corporations. For the present inquiry, the distinction is not important, our problem is to determine the nature of the person, being, or group, through which the will of the collection of members of the corporation finds expression.
Here are the articles to answer, What are the doubts about the Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality?
Personality is considered, therefore, an attribute not only of men but of groups of men, acting as a unit for the attainment of a common end. This person, which is not a human being, is called technically, a juristic person to distinguish it from the physical personality of mankind. The collective will of a group of men so acting and holding property when recognized as a subject of law, or as having legal subjectivity, or more plainly, when recognized as capable of holding definite legal rights, is no more fiction than is the personality of any human being.
This juristic person or the collective will of the group is endowed with definite legal capacity. It is capable of exercising rights, capable of committing wrongs; the former, it may vindicate; the latter it must pay for. This most important feature of the juristic or corporate personality is known in legal terms as the ‘body corporate’, and in the Indian Companies Act, 1956 we see that this term has been defined in Section 2(7) where it has been specified what can be included under the term ‘body corporate’. What exactly is the body corporate we will see later in this paper.
Research Process;
Now that we have a more or less fair idea about the basic conception of a ‘juristic person’, it is safe to say that the exploration of the legal properties of a juristic person would be the chief aim of this paper. Here the researcher would like to state the methodology adopted for writing this paper. The concept of body corporate is fairly well-dealt within most books on Company Law, and especially so in Ramaiya’s ‘Guide to the Companies Act’. Apart from this, the researcher consulted a few more textbooks on the matter.
Individual articles published in various law journals and available on a few legal databases namely Hein Online and Westlaw have been useful, as these articles not only deal with the definitional aspect but also the new horizons it opens up, namely the level of criminal charges that can be put up against a company as compared to a natural person. The Companies Act, 1956, and the decisions of the cases referred have been used as primary sources.
Examination Questions;
- What are the chief features of a corporate or juristic personality and how do they stand out in contrast to those of a natural person?
- How have these features been interpreted and modified by the landmark decisions of the judiciary both in India and abroad?
- How can the juristic person be made liable in tort or crime and how is it different from liability incurred by a natural person?
Body Corporate-Aiming Towards A Definition;
As mentioned earlier, the core of the corporate or juristic personality is the body corporate. But what exactly is it? It is very difficult to find an exact definition for body corporate as there is controversy entangled with the very term, with differences of opinion existing on whether it has a real personality or is its juristic personality a mere legal fiction. What are the Types of Business structures in Business Law?
Broadly speaking, in the Indian context the term while not including any of the bodies expressly excluded by Sec. 2(7) of the Companies Act, 1956, may include an aggregate of persons who have been or is incorporated under some statute of this or any foreign country and which exists as a legal entity distinct from the members constituting it and having perpetual succession and a common seal. We will delve deeper into the concept of perpetual succession but let us pursue the definition for now.
In Halsbury’s Laws of England, we find it defined as, a collection of individuals into one body under a special denomination, having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested by the policy of the law with the capacity of acting in several aspects as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its constitution or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or any subsequent period of its existence.
Thus all these properties of a body corporate mentioned in this definition are the chief features that a body with a juristic personality possesses, and these properties define such a body. The members of a corporate body need not necessarily or only be individuals. Other bodies corporate may be members. The essential characteristic of a corporation is that it has a distinct legal personality and existence, which we call for this paper the juristic personality, as distinguished from its members, whoever they may be.
All these features of corporate personality in the above definition are recognized by Sec. 34(2) of the Companies Act. In this context, it can be mentioned that the Supreme Court of India in State Trading Corporation of India v. CTO has elaborately discussed the nature of a corporation and held that it cannot have the status of a citizen under the Constitution of India. What is the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881?
Salomon v. Salomon and Company-the judiciary interprets the company as having a separate legal personality;
Salomon v. Salomon and Co. is a very important case in the context of understanding what can constitute a corporation or corporate personality. Salomon was a boot and shoe manufacturer in England who took over his own business by establishing a company namely Salomon & Salomon. There were seven subscribers to the memorandum of the company, including himself and his family members. Two of his sons and himself were on the Board of Directors. The business was transferred to this company with Salomon taking the majority of the shares and debentures. A charge was created on the company assets for the debentures held by Salomon.
Within a year the company went into liquidation with some assets, debentures, and unsecured creditors. The liquidation of the company’s assets could not provide the amount that was required to meet the different debts. Since there was a charge on the company’s assets to the debentures held by Salomon the amount realized on assets was paid to Salomon. Nothing was left to the unsecured creditors to be paid who being aggrieved by this brought up litigation before the court of law.
They contended that the company was created by the family members of Salomon with the sole purpose to take over the existing business and defrauding the creditors It was contended that since Salomon had the vast control over the affairs of the company is the managing director, and with other directors being his sons the company was never in existence. Rather it was solely his business and the company was a defrauding organization.
The Court after much deliberation opined that a company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers of the memorandum and its members, thus laying the seeds for the firm conception of juristic personality. When a memorandum is signed and duly registered the subscribers are a body corporate irrespective of their status and influence on the company, which again we have seen mentioned in the definitions referred to earlier in this paper. Salomon and Company was not a myth or fiction; rather it was a real company fulfilling all the legal requirements according to the Court.
No provision in the existing law precluded the members from being related to each other. While the Court accepted the contention that the other six members were mere puppets in the hands of Salomon, it also observed that such a practice, while it might result in certain undesirable outcomes, was in no manner whatsoever violating any existing statutory provision.
The contention that the company was defrauded into the purchase of Salomon’s business, was also rejected on the ground that the decision was taken in a meeting of the Directors of the company and the fact that such Directors, being the nominees of Salomon, must have been influenced by him, did in no way detract the legality and propriety of the transaction.
The company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers to the Memorandum and, although it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them. Nor can subscribers as members be made liable.
The Salomon decision to this day remains a landmark one for defining the personality of a company and has influenced many subsequent decisions made on the subject. Now we focus on a couple of important Indian decisions on corporate personality.
Separate Legal Personality Of The Company As Interpreted By The Judiciary In India;
The courts in India while determining the characteristic of corporate personality have been influenced by the Salomon decision and we see it reflected in a couple of very important decisions, the first one being Kandoli Tea Company Limited, Re. In this case, a tea estate was taken over by the persons running the estate by the establishment of a company.
The affected persons initiated court proceedings by contending that it is the owners of the estate who themselves are party to the company and the subsequent takeover, therefore it is a transfer of property among themselves under another name and thus it is a case of fraud. The Calcutta High Court opined that a company once formed is a separate entity from its members and the status of the members before and after its formation does not matter.
The transfer is valid as if the members of the company had been different persons altogether. According to S. 34(2) of the Companies Act, 1956 the incorporation transforms a company into a body corporate capable of functioning as an institutionalized entity. Thus the independent corporate personality of a company makes it the owner of its assets and the bearer of its liabilities. This is the very essence of the juristic personality of a company.
This line of reasoning was followed in the important case of Praga Tools Corporation v. C.V. Manual. The Supreme Court further added in this case that even if the affairs of the company are controlled by one person that company is a legal entity and it is irrelevant if the directors or members belong to the same family. Unlike a partnership, the members in a company have a liability restricted to the nominal value of the shares owned by them or the sum guaranteed by them.
There is nothing in the Companies Act that prohibits such one-man companies and the great majority of them are bona fide. The law recognizes the existence of the companies irrespective of the motives, intentions, schemes, or conduct of the individual shareholders and members. In Pattinson v. Bindhya Debi, it was further stressed that two companies that are incorporated with the same set of shareholders are nevertheless distinct and separate entities.
A Few Other Important Features Of Juristic Personality – Perpetual Succession;
Section 34 lays stress upon the fact that the body corporate which emerges from registration shall have perpetual succession. The element of perpetual succession prevents the dislocation of a company and the death or bankruptcy of any of its members. If a partner of a partnership firm dies or becomes bankrupt, the firm is dissolved, and if the surviving or continuing partners go on with the business, they in law constitute a new firm.
But in the case of a company, the death or bankruptcy of a member does not have any such effect, for the company is a separate juristic person and it continues to exist as one until it is not only wound up but dissolved in the manner specified in the Companies Act. This point was well illustrated in the Australian case of Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty. Ltd. In this case, a man and his wives were sole shareholders and directors of two companies.
They both died in a road accident. Their deaths however were held not to cause the termination of the companies’ legal existence. The companies continued as owners of property and parties to uncompleted contracts. The personal representatives of the deceased shareholders were allowed by the court to appoint new directors of the companies to realize their property for the benefit of the deceased’s estates.
The advantage of incorporation is that the company never dies. It has perpetual succession and remains in existence however often its members change until it has dissolved by liquidation. In Gopalpur Tea Co. Ltd. v. Peshok Tea Co. Ltd., it was held that the company has an identity and existence independent of the estate and undertakings owned by it, and so even if the estate is taken over by the Government, that does not constitute a taking over of the management of the company.
Dealing Capacity Of The Company As Distinct From Its Shareholders;
By its separate existence, it is legally empowered to execute dealings in its capacity. The company can deal, acquire or dispose of the property in its name and under a common seal. Assets and properties of the company are not of the shareholders but of the company itself. Along similar lines, it can execute legal proceedings in its legal capacity being recognized as a separate legal person, albeit a juristic one. There is nothing in the Indian law to warrant the assumption that a shareholder who buys shares buys any interest in the property of the company which is a juristic person entirely distinct from its shareholders.
According to the Court in Bacha F. Guzdar v. CIT, the true position of a shareholder is that on buying shares he becomes entitled to participate in the profits of the company in which he holds shares, if and when the company declares, subject to Article of Association, that the profits or any portion thereof should be distributed by way of dividends among shareholders. Otherwise, he cannot participate in the profits of a company.
Further, no shareholder can lay any claim to the rights vested in the company or be bound by any obligations, duties, or liabilities unless it can be shown that he was using the company as his agent. This was laid down in J.H. Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd. V. Dept. of Trade and Industry. In Daimler Co. Ltd. v. Continental Tyre & Rubber Co. (Great Britain) Ltd., it was emphasized by Lord Parker that the fact the members exert some manner of influence over the affairs of the company or they are the ultimate beneficiaries of the companies’ activity is not sufficient in itself to constitute the company as an agent of its members.
Liability In Tort And Crime;
‘A company can be guilty of acting with intent to deceive and making a statement which it knows to be false or be indicted for conspiracy to defraud. It can also be guilty of and be fixed for contempt of Court. Notwithstanding its impersonal nature, it may sue for an injury done to its reputation in the way of its business by a libel, slander, or by the imputation of insolvency, and may be sued for malicious prosecution, maintenance, infringement of copyright, molesting a person in the exercise of his calling or negligence, and may be guilty of malicious libel’.
A company cannot personally commit any tort or crime. It cannot even authorize any tort or crime because its authority always remains circumscribed by the objects clause of its memorandum and that clause cannot contain anything unlawful. Questions have, therefore often arisen as to the extent to which a company can be held liable for any tort or crime committed by those working for it.
In criminal law, though there has been a necessary preoccupation with a fundamental dividing line that recognizes that certain acts, which only a natural person can perform, lie beyond a company’s vicarious liability. In Richmond London Borough Council v. Pin and Wheeler Ltd., a statutory order stated that ‘no person shall drive or cause or permit to be driven’ a prescribed vehicle, the Divisional Court Quashed a company’s conviction on the basis that the act of driving the goods vehicle in question is a physical activity which can be performed only by natural persons and not a company.
The statutory offense of ‘permitting’ cannot be committed vicariously by a company although direct liability may well accrue on the basis that the act and the men’s rea of a directing mind and will of the company can be identified as that of the company, as laid down in Manga Plant Ltd. v. Mitchell. Accordingly, caution is required in choosing an appropriate offense with which a company may be charged where vicarious liability appears to be the foundation of the case.
However, the constitutionality of the application of the principle of faultless liability in the corporate context must be decided on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the reasonableness of applying this doctrine in light of the objectives sought to be achieved by the statute. Even if the objectives are found to be of sufficient importance, a less restrictive means of limitation would, in the author’s view, be required where the offense carries a stigma and a severe penalty is prescribed.
Conclusion;
The concept of corporate personality has been subjected to acute and searching analysis by jurists during the last century. The debate on whether a group or association of human beings has a ‘fictitious’ or ‘real’ personality has attracted protagonists on both sides, each pressing its view with vigor. The crucial question that this discussion has thrown up is: to what extent has the law given recognition to such groups?
Pursuing this discussion we find that the law has ascribed a personality to these groups, one that is exclusive to the group and distinct from each of the members of this group. This personality is called juristic personality or corporate personality and it can be traced to the common law principles or even is S. 34 (2) of the Companies Act, 1956 when viewed in the Indian context.
The originally pragmatic device of legal technique to refer to the corporation or the juristic person by way of calling it a fictitious person or persona Ficta had become obsolete and began to create confusion in certain fields of law, especially in American constitutional law and in international law, rather than to promote the sound legal development. Correctly understood, ‘Persona Ficta’ or ‘juristic person’ can nowadays hardly be anything else than a synonym for ‘corporate person’, and keeping that in mind has the author dealt with the concept of juristic personality in this article.
Definition and Meaning of Juristic Personality;
May 23, 2022
Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881
What is the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881? Negotiable instruments are seen to have great significance in the modern business world. It has to be noted that these instruments have gained significant prominence as the principal instruments for paying and discharging business obligations. So what essentially is a negotiable instrument? A negotiable instrument is any transferable document that satisfies certain conditions. These instruments pass freely from hand to hand and thus form an integral form part this modern business instruments.
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It also has to be noted that in our country, the law relating to negotiable instruments, is governed by the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. How to define the Consideration in Contract Law? This Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 does not in specific define what a negotiable instrument is, it merely states that a negotiable instrument means “a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to the bearer”.
Section 13 of the Act, does not indicate the characteristics of a negotiable instrument but only states that three instruments-cheque, a bill of exchange, and a promissory note, are negotiable instruments act 1881. Thus these three instruments are therefore negotiable instruments as per the statute. But it has to be noted that S.13, does not prohibit any other instrument which satisfies the essential features of negotiability, to be treated as a negotiable instrument.
Thomas defines the negotiable instrument as an instrument is negotiable which it is, by a legally recognized custom of trade or law, transferable by delivery or by endorsement and delivery, without notice to the party liable, in such a way that a. a holder of it may for the time being may sue upon it in his name. The property in it passes on to a bonafide transferee for value-free from any defect in the title of the person from whom he obtained it. What is the objective of the Minimum Wages Act?
A negotiable instrument is a transferable document either by the application of the law or by the custom of the trade concerned.
Thus it has to be noted that a negotiable instrument, firstly is easily transferable from person to person and the ownership of the property may be passed on by mere delivery. Secondly, a negotiable instrument confers absolute faith and good title on a transferee, provided that he takes it in good faith for value and without notice of the fact that the transferor had defective title thereto.
It is seen that the negotiable instruments can be essentially classified into two major types of Negotiable instruments by statute: The three instruments, cheque, bill of exchange, and promissory notes are negotiable instruments by statute
Negotiable instruments by custom or usage: Some instruments have acquired the character of negotiability by custom or usage of trade. Section 137 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, also recognized that an instrument might be negotiable by law or custom. Therefore we have cases of promissory notes, delivery orders, and hundreds being held as negotiable instruments act 1881.
Liabilities of Parties;
The main aim of this project would essentially be to look into the liability of parties to a Negotiable Instruments act 1881. But before moving on to the liabilities, a brief on the parties and their capacity to capacity parties to contract is required. The parties to a negotiable instrument, namely, the maker, drawer, drawee, and the payee, enter into a contract among themselves.
It is therefore very essential that they should have the capacity to enter into valid contracts. Section 26 of the Negotiable Instrument Act, states that
“Every person capable of contracting, according to the law to which he is subject, may bind himself and be bound by the making, drawing, acceptance, endorsement, delivery, and negotiations of a promissory note, bill of exchange, or a cheque”.
S.11 of the Indian Contract Act, states the requirements of parties to contract. Thus as per this section, any person who is of a sound mind, above the age of majority, and not disqualified from entering in to contract by any Act, is competent to enter into a valid contract.
Liability of drawer of the bill or a cheque;
Essentially the liability of the parties to a ‘negotiable instrument’ has its statutory provisions under Sections 30, 32, and 35 of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881.
The first section in this aspect to be analyzed would be S.30 of the Act, which provides for the Liability of the drawer of the bill or a cheque.
The ‘drawer’ of the cheque, essentially, as defined by S.7 of the Act, is “The maker of a bill of exchange or Cheque”
Thus Section 30 of the Act, goes on to define the liability of the drawer of a bill or cheque
“The drawer of a bill of exchange or cheque is bound in case of dishonor by the drawee or acceptor thereof, to compensate the holder, provided due notice of dishonor has been given to or received by, the drawer as hereinafter provided”
The critical thing to be noted here is that the liability of the drawer here arises only in case of dishonor of the cheque or a bill of exchange and nothing before it. A bill of exchange is seen as dishonored by non-acceptance or by non-payment, but on the other hand, a cheque is dishonored by non-payment only.
As soon as this bill or exchange or a cheque has been dishonored by non-acceptance by the drawee, it is seen that the holder of the has the right to recourse against the drawer. The drawee, as per Section 7 of the Act, is “the person directed to pay”
It also has to be noted that the drawer, becomes liable only when the drawee has dishonored the bill of exchange or the cheque.
But unlike the bill of exchange, it has to be noted that in case of dishonor of a cheque, the drawer remains liable thereto, even if the cheque is not presented by the holder to the drawer bank. This was held by the Supreme Court, in Harish Chander v. M/s. Ganga Singh and Sons and others. Here again, the relevance of Sections 72 and 84, were looked into. These sections essentially deal with the discharge of the liability of the drawer, in case he suffers damage as a result of the presentment of the cheque
Another aspect that needs to be looked into before the drawer can be held liable, is the fact that ‘due and sufficient prior notice of dishonor’, has been given.
But again taking Section 98 into consideration, no notice is required if the provision of this section is being taken into consideration. It has to be noted that the service of this notice, may be oral or written or may even be faxed, but it is a must.
V.V.L.N.Chary and Others v. N.A.Martin and others is another case, which needs to be looked into. The issue here was whether a post-dated cheque for payment of goods is only a promise to pay on a future date or not?. The court, held in the affirmative and stated that it is but a promise.
It further held that if this promise is broken by the dishonor of the cheque, it will enforce a civil liability only. The liability of proving the dishonest intention of the drawer was put on the shoulders of the holder, as the court stated that only if prior knowledge was present on the part of the drawer that he intended to dishonor the cheque, can he be convicted.
This case essentially put the drawer in a rather better position, by ensuring that unnecessary accusations and liabilities would not be enforced on him.
So then would a drawer ever be criminally liable?. The answer to this came later on in the Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act 1988, which was further modified by the Negotiable Instruments (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 As per this act, the dishonor of cheques due to the insufficiency of funds, was deemed to be an offense for which the drawer could be punished with imprisonment for a term up to a year or with a fine up to twice the amount of the cheque or with both. More specifically Sections 138-142, were inserted which deal with these offenses.
Another section to be noted here is Section 31 of the Act, which deals with the liability of the drawee of the cheque. As per this section, “The drawee of a cheque having sufficient funds of the drawer in his hands properly applicable to the payment of such cheque must pay the cheque when duly required so to do, and, in default of such payment, must compensate the drawer for any loss or damage caused by such default”.
Section 32 of the Act, deals with the liability of the maker of the note and the acceptor of the bill. As per this section, “In the absence of a contract to the contrary, the maker of a promissory note and the acceptor before the maturity of a bill of exchange are bound to pay the amount thereof at maturity according to the apparent tenor of the note or acceptance respectively, and the acceptor of a bill of exchange at or after maturity is bound to pay the amount thereof to the holder on demand.
In default of such payment as aforesaid, such maker or acceptor is bound to compensate any party to the note or bill for any loss or damage sustained by him and caused by such default”.
Here, it has to be noted that the maker of a promissory note and the acceptor of a bill of exchange are the principal debtors and their liability on the instrument, is absolute and unconditional. The first part of this section deals with the liability of the maker of a note and the second part with the consequences of default.
The crux of this section can be summed up as. This section essentially puts the maker of the note and the acceptor of the bill on the same footing. It makes both liable as principal debtors. Besides this, it can be seen that a bill may be accepted before maturity or at or after maturity. An acceptor of the bill, it is seen before maturity is bound to pay the amount at maturity and an acceptor at or after maturity shall have to pay the amount to the holder on demand.
It is however not that there is o difference between the liability of the maker of the note and the acceptor of the bill. The maker of the note, it is seen is bound to pay the amount according to the apparent tenor of the note. That he, as he makes it himself, he cannot change its terms and shall have to abide by the tenor of the note.
But on the other hand, it is seen that the acceptor of the bill, is liable to pay the amount according to the apparent tenor of his acceptance. That is to say, if the acceptor accepts the bill, he is required to honor the bill as per his qualified acceptance and not according to the tenor of the bill.
This cane very simply is illustrated by the following example. If A, draws a bill of Rs.10,00 on B, to be paid after a year, and B, gives his acceptance to pay the amount after 18 months, B is liable to pay after 18 months and not a year.
It has to be noted that in case of a promissory note signed by two or more promisors and the consideration has been received by only one of them, irrespective of any reason, all the promisors shall be equally liable for the amount of the promissory note.
It also has to be noted that Sections 78, 41 42, and 88 of the Act, also deal with the liability of the maker of the note and the acceptor of a bill
Liability of the endorser;
This is provided for under Section 35 of the Act, which states that
“In the absence of a contract to the contrary, whoever endorses and delivers a negotiable instrument before maturity, without in such endorsement, expressly excluding or making conditional his liability, is bound thereby to every subsequent holder, in case of dishonor by the drawee, acceptor or maker, to compensate such holder for any loss or damage caused to him by such dishonor, provided due notice of dishonor has been given to or received by, such endorser as hereinafter provided. Every endorser after dishonor is liable as upon an instrument payable on demand.”
Before moving on further, it is pertinent to study Section 15 of the Act in relevance to the term ‘endorsement’ and define an ‘endorser’. As per Section 15 of the Act, which defines endorsement,
“When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same, otherwise than as such maker, for negotiation, one the back or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, or so signs for the same purpose a stamped paper intended to be completed as a negotiable instrument, he is said to endorse the same and is called the endorser.”
It is seen that to invoke Section 35, firstly and most importantly, there has to be an endorsement of an instrument, which has to be delivered to the endorsee. It has to be noted that if either of these acts does not occur, the liability of the endorser does not arise.
Secondly, this section again puts the endorser of the cheque on the same footing as the drawer of a bill/cheque or maker of a note. In the sense that it confers upon him the same levels of liability.
This concept of endorsement is based on the belief that the bill, cheque, or note, will be duly accepted or honored by the drawee or the maker. On the failure of this event happening, the liability of the endorser occurs. So essentially, it is seen that the role of the endorser is pretty much equivalent to that of a surety, who undertakes the performance by the acceptor of the bill.
It is seen that immediately on the dishonor of an instrument, the older of the instrument, gets an inherent right to sue the endorser at once, which can in no way be challenged. The holder stands in a rather advantageous position as he is in a better position to sue either party, the drawer for non-compliance or the endorser for failure to ensure compliance on the part of the drawer
Then again it has to be noted that the liability of an endorser arises only when there is an absence of a contract to the contrary. As mentioned in the section itself, the endorser may save himself from liability by either excluding his liability thereon by endorsing sans recourse or by making his liability conditional. If these acts have been adhered to, the endorser would save himself the trouble of being liable.
An aspect that needs to be looked into is when the endorser’s liability is discharged?. To answer this, Section 36 of the Act which deals with the liability of prior parties to the holder in due course, needs to be looked into first. This Section states that “Every prior party to a negotiable instrument is liable thereon to a holder in due course until the instrument is duly satisfied.”
Section 40 of the act also needs to be looked into, which states that “Where the holder of a negotiable instrument, without the consent of the endorser, destroys or impairs the endorser’s remedy against a prior party, the endorser is discharged from liability to the holder to the same extent as if the instrument had been paid at maturity.”
Conclusion;
Negotiable Instruments Act 1881; The essence of these liabilities being imposed upon the parties is nothing by an act to being upon a greater sense of responsibilities on the part of the parties. The Sections provided here, are rather comprehensive and cover a relatively broad range of parties to a negotiable instrument, and also impose penal sanctions on them, if they turn into offenders. Although before the various amendments, there was no criminal liability imposed on parties, the amendment of 2002, imposed a greater sense of responsibility as it brought upon more stringent measures to counter the offending parties.
Explain the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
May 23, 2022
Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay
What are the Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay? Believing in gods and worshipping them have been prevailing in societies back era immemorial. These beliefs and worshipping rituals and methods modify from place to place. People engage in several dynamic trials, prayers, and even sacrifices to satisfy gods.
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From ancient times different societies have worshiped gods, believing in their power and being afraid of their fury. People have prayed and made sacrifices to achieve the gods’ mercy and generosity. What are the Similarities and Differences Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay? They believed that, if the goods are in good mood, they will provide people with good weather conditions for growing crops. Moreover, people needed explanations for different natural phenomena, such as rain, drought, lightning, thunder, and earthquake.
So, ancient people believed that these natural phenomena are caused by the gods. A good example of such societies could be ancient Greeks and Romans. Ancient Greeks and Romans existed in the middle ages. This essay will describe the main gods and goddesses of ancient Greek and Roman societies. It will also look at the main similarities and differences between the gods and goddesses of these societies.
What are Greek Gods?
A buildup of myths revealed by the ancient Greeks is embodied in Greek mythology. These tales unite considering the heritage of Greek culture, birds, activities of gods, and pleasing people, and their contributions, traditions, and rituals. Initially, the myths were propagated in an oral poetic circulate in the 18th century BC by Minoan and Mycenaean singers. The Iliad, Homer’s epic poems, and the Odyssey are the contents of the oral tradition.
There are moreover some myths securely kept in parts of epic poems of the Epic Cycle, Homeric Hymns, lyrical poems, etc. The images of the deities were considered in many fields and purposes by the Greeks. Coins were printed as soon as divine images, and drinking cups and substitute pots had Greek myths carved on the subject of them. The temple was a flaming for the gods and goddesses.
Some of the major deities listed in Greek mythology adjoin Aphrodite; the goddess of beauty and throbbing, Apollo; the god of music and arts, Ares; the god of courage, Athena; the goddess of pleasurable judgment, and the list goes going around for the. The Greeks have extreme beliefs linked gone their deities. They are quite dependent on them. In Homers Iliad, there are some parts that sort of explored the daily cartoon of the Greek gods, what they were made of, and how they led energy in the human world. It furthermore reveals the human’s intimates bearing in mind the gods and how those are cherished.
What are Roman Gods?
Roman mythology is the organ of cultural and informative tales by the ancient Romans. The religious system of Rome dealt mainly as soon with the literature and arts of the Romans. The Roman myths have some elements that are supernatural yet they are often treated as historical. Greek religion had an in the future moved upon Roman myths. The Roman authors, in a habit, reinterpreted the stories just nearly Greek gods by just changing their names and naming them after planets.
Moreover, the Roman religion has a relationship when the Etruscan religion too. For the Romans, expertly-liked traditions and rituals were the primary business, unlike the Greeks. Their books and commentaries comprised religious cultures, rules, traditions, prayers, and worship events. The gods were a strong fable of knack and represented the need for daily energy. The Roman gods are the same as their Greek counterparts just have sure names.
Some of the main deities in Roman mythology be touching Venus; the goddess of exaltation, Mars; the god of the skirmish, Neptune; the god of the sea, and hence upon. The gods are the epitome of military facility and courage and for that excuse, are dressed in military clothes as a sign of it. On a fascinating note, the Roman gods were revealed and listed through the real-moving picture observations made by the Romans. Also, their rituals and events, of them were based upon the learnings of the world.
Investigation;
To begin with, there are a lot of similarities between Greek and Roman gods, because roman religion was based on Greek religion. Greek mythology was founded about a millennium before the Roman. Romans founded their religion based on the Greek religion. So, Greek and Roman religions are similar, because both of them are polytheistic religions. ‘Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. There were more than thirty gods in each of these cultures.
Furthermore, Greeks and Romans had almost the same gods, despite differences in their names. As an example, both cultures had the god of the sea, the goddess of love, the god of war, the god of wine, and the goddess of wisdom. Importantly, there was a chief god, who was the king of all gods, in both Greek and Roman societies. In Greek mythology, the king of gods is known as Zeus, whereas Romans call the king of gods Jupiter. There is also a queen of gods in Greek and Roman mythologies. Greeks call the queen Hera, whereas Romans’ queen of gods is Juno.
Finally, both ancient societies have twelve main gods and goddesses. In Greek mythology, they are known as the Twelve Olympians. They are Zeus, Poseidon, Aid, Ares, Apollo, Hermes, Hephaestus, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Artemis, and Dionysus. Greeks call these twelve main gods and goddesses as follows: Jupiter, Neptune, Pluton, Mars, Feb, Mercury, Volcano, Juno, Minerva, Venus, Diana, and Bacchus. They are the same gods and goddesses with the same powers, but with different names.
Even though the Roman religion is based on the Greek religion, there are several differences between the gods of these societies. Romans have not just adopted their religion from the Greeks. They have also changed their religion according to their culture. So, if you read about Rome and Greek gods and goddesses, you will see differences in their names. Romans gave their gods names that are different from the names of Greek gods. Thus, there are only a few Greek and Roman gods and goddesses that have similar names.
Usually, Roman gods and goddesses have names of planets of the solar system, such as Jupiter, Mercury, Neptune, and Mars. In contrast, Greek gods and goddesses have their names, such as Zeus, Hermes, Ares, and Hera. For example, the goddess of love is Venus in Roman mythology and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. Romans call the god of war Mars, while Greeks called it Ares. The god of the sea is called Neptune in Roman mythology and Poseidon in Greek mythology.
Furthermore, if you read about Roman and Greek gods, you will notice differences in the characters of gods and goddesses. Gods and goddesses usually have characters similar to people that believe and pray to them, because people think up their gods themselves. Ancient Greeks were polite and creative. ‘They held creativity above physical works in the mortal and mythical world’. Greeks were also interested in poetry. In contrast, Romans were more focused on actions rather than on words. They valued bravery and courage. So, Roman gods and goddesses are more military and aggressive, whereas Greek gods and goddesses are more cultural and polite.
Finally, when you look at pictures of Greek and Roman gods or goddesses, you will see differences in their clothes and physical appearance. Ancient Greeks highly valued creativity and beauty. So, Greek gods and goddesses were usually given a beautiful and perfect physical appearance. They were dressed in white and light cloth. By contrast, Romans were more focused on warfare and valued bravery. So, Rome gods and goddesses had military clothes. Romans did not pay much attention to the physical appearance of gods and goddesses.
Main Differences Between Greek Gods and Roman Gods;
- Greek gods came into existence earlier than the Roman gods.
- Greek gods have human traits, though Roman gods get a pact of not.
- Roman gods are the epitome of gift, whereas, Greek gods are the epitome of creativity.
- Also, Roman gods are named after planets.
- Roman gods have military clothes, while Greek gods have white and fresh clothes.
Conclusion;
In conclusion, by comparing Greek and Roman gods, you can see both similarities and differences between the gods of the two ancient societies. Greek and Roman religions are similar because Roman mythology was founded based on the Greeks. Religions of both ancient societies are polytheistic religions. Moreover, both cultures have almost the same gods with the same powers.
Finally, there are twelve main gods, known as the Twelve Olympians, in both cultures. However, Greek and Roman gods also differ from each other, because Romans have changed their religion according to their own culture. So, Roman and Greek gods had different names. Furthermore, there is a difference in the characters of Greek and Roman Gods. And finally, the Greek and Roman gods had different physical appearances and wore different clothes. Therefore, Greek and Roman gods have similarities as well as some differences.
Similarities and Differences Between Greek and Roman Gods Essay; Image by Congerdesign from Pixabay.
May 21, 2022
Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay
Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; In this essay, we will examine some relevant similarities and differences between two widely known and practiced religions: Islam and Christianity. Although these two religions have easily identifiable similarities and differences, they are both large players in the religious world today with an impressive number of followers.
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Also, each of these religions had been delivered with basic rules of guidance, although the rules in themselves were different. Islam had, from Mohammad, the Five Pillars, while Christians had been given the Ten Commandments, delivered by Moses. Climate Change Essay for Students; Another aspect of each of these religions that is very similar is that each is a “Book” religion. They each have their book written down by disciples of their respective religions. The Islamic religion has the Koran, and the Christian religion has the Bible.
Because Islam diverged from Christianity’s beliefs, there are also some notable differences between the two. For example, how each religion is expected to pray. Muslims pray alone and in the congregation. When congregational prayer is executed, there are many rules and strict adherence to which they abide. They must pray this way a certain number of times each day and face in a certain cardinal direction. For Christians, the prayer which is done alone is informal and at one’s discretion, as it is for the Islamic religion. However, congregational prayer for Christians is much less rigorous and strict and can be done in several acceptable ways.
Muslims are also expected to take a journey, called a pilgrimage, to their Holy Land whereas, this is not expected of Christians. Another notable difference is how money is given to the church. In earlier days, and some cases modern days, Muslim giving was in the form of a tax that was mandated. Christians give in the form of a tithe and are asked to give ten percent of their income. A very large and widely disputed part of these religions is the interpretation of the Bible. Some events that are disputed include which son Abraham sacrificed, the Virgin Birth and nature of Jesus, and the interpretation of monotheism and the Trinity.
Islam and Christianity are religions based on many similar and different beliefs based on the fact that one was borne of the other. For this reason, we can pick up on several things that ring true in each religion and several things that are completely different between the two of them. Aside from the similarities and differences, each of these religions is still recognized in today’s society even though they are both centuries old.
Similarities and Differences Between Islam vs Christianity;
Even though there are many similarities and differences between Islam and Christianity, both religions are significant in today’s society, which is apparent in the grand number of followers each has amassed. Islam and Christianity are in themselves, complete religions with many followers. Islam was born of Christianity in that a large part of Islam’s basic belief structure is based on that of Christianity and some portions of the Bible. Because of this fact, there are several similarities and a comparative number of differences between Islam and Christianity essay the two religions.
The beginnings of Islam are deeply rooted in Christianity, based on the conviction by the prophet of Islam, Mohammed that Christians had departed from belief in God’s message as revealed in their scriptures. In approximately 610, the first of many revelations came to him and these visions were believed to have been delivered from God by the angel Gabriel. Here we begin to see the similarities between the two religions as Gabriel is also the angel that brings news of Jesus’ birth in Luke 1:26-32, of the Bible.
The message that Mohammed received was that there was only one God, not many gods as the then present-day Arabs believed. This God was the creator of the world. For Christians the message of a single God was given during the inception of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:3 of the Bible, “You shall have no other God before me.” The creation of the world by this singular God is documented in Genesis 1:1. “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.” In the Islamic faith, it is believed that this God would judge mankind, which also rings true in Christianity in Hebrews 10:30, “The Lord will judge his people.”
For Muslims, followers of the Islamic faith, their single God (known as Allah) was considered just because he would judge every person according to his deeds. In both religions, the result of this judgment day was either heaven or hell. Other differences between Islam and Christianity essay both were the idea of forgiveness. Islam teaches that God is always ready to pardon the individual and restore him to the sinless state in which he started life. In Christianity, this same basic concept of forgiveness is accepted.
After the death of Mohammed, certain essential principles were singled out from his teachings to serve as anchoring points for the Islamic community. These have come to be called the “five pillars of Islam”. Comparably for Christians, the Ten Commandments are considered daily, divine laws. Also, each of these religions has a “book” that believers follow. For Christians, this is the Bible, which was recorded by prophets and disciples of Jesus including Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and many others.
The Bible is, for the most part, ordered chronologically and Jesus teaches in parables. Likewise, for Muslims, their book is the Koran, which was a collection of the sayings and deeds of Mohammad, who was believed to be inspired to teach these things by Allah. However, because the Koran was assembled from remembrances of those who had learned it by heart, the chronological order is not used. The passages or suras were arranged from longest to shortest. In the beginning, for both religions, these teachings were passed along orally but were later captured via the written word.
These books serve as an additional guide for believers and stress the one idea of one God. Despite the many similarities and differences between the islam and christianity essays exist as well. One of these differences is prayer. Islam recognizes two forms of prayer, one being the personal and more informal form of prayer. The other is a ritual prayer which is often congregational with specific words and postures, to be offered five times a day: sunrise, midday, midafternoon, sunset, and before bed. Before Muslims pray ablutions are performed by washing the hands, feet, and face.
A person called the muezzin calls for prayer and chants from a raised platform or minaret tower at the mosque. This prayer is started with the imam, the prayer leader, standing at the front of the mosque facing Mecca, the holy city of Islam. This is the holy city because it was the death place of Mohammad. Each prayer consists of several units, during which the individual is standing, kneeling, or prostrate. At every change in posture, “God is great” is recited. The chief day of communal worship is Friday and believers gather at the mosque to pray, listen to portions of the Koran, and hear a sermon based on the text.
The sermon may have moral, social, or political content. Islam has no ordained clergy, but there are men trained specifically in religion, tradition, and law. For Christians, prayer is done alone as well as in a congregation like Islam, but the rigors are far less painstaking. Prayer alone is done at one’s discretion but traditionally is done at night or in the morning. Congregational prayer is usually headed by the preacher, priest, or another prominent member of the church. The congregation is usually seated in pews, but this can be done standing as well.
Christians have clergy that has been trained in theology and matters of religion and possess a degree from a seminary. The chief days of the gathering are Sundays, and believers pray, sing, listen to sermons, and read from the Bible during their communal gathering. As you can see, this is quite different from the Islamic religion. Another large difference between the two religions is the pilgrimage. For Muslims, the pilgrimage, or hajj, is an annual Muslim rite that every believer is expected to take part in at least once in his lifetime.
From the seventh to the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar, thousands of Muslims converge in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia to visit the holy shrine of the Kaaba in the Great Mosque, which tradition says was built by Abraham. The pilgrimage was intended to reenact the hegira, the flight of Mohammad from Mecca to Medina in 622. Christians do not have such a pilgrimage but many do visit the birthplace of Jesus, the city of Jerusalem, and consider it an honor to do so.
Fasting and the giving of money are two more distinct differences between the two religions. Because the Koran was first revealed to Mohammad in the month of Ramadan, the whole month was set aside as a period of fasting. During each day, from first light to darkness, all eating, drinking, and smoking are forbidden. Upon the end of the fasting period, the second major festival of the Islamic year ensues and lasts several days. In contrast, Christians have the Lenten period, where Jesus was sent to the desert for forty days and forty nights and was tempted by the devil.
During this time, Christians usually give up something of importance, and although some fasting does happen, it is generally not as long as in the Islamic religion. The end of these forty days is known as Ash Wednesday, which begins the holiest point on the Christian calendar (Good Friday and Easter). Also, the giving of money is somewhat different. For Muslims, the zakat is an obligatory tax, which is contributed to by the state or community. In the modern period, the zakat has become a voluntary charitable contribution.
For Christians, this is known as a tithe. Believers are expected to contribute ten percent of their salary to the church for God’s purposes. Also, some of the differences between Islam and Christianity are discerned in the holy books of the Bible and the Koran. One such example is the sacrifice of Abraham. This event is interpreted very differently in both religions. Both books acknowledge that Abraham was willing to make a “tremendous sacrifice”. However, the difference between the interpretations lies in the name of Abraham’s son.
For example, the bible says, “By faith, Abraham, when he was tested, offered up Isaac, and he who had received the promises was ready to offer up his only son”. With this, the Bible affirms that it was indeed Isaac who was offered up as the sacrifice. In Koran, however, Ishmael is the one who is purportedly offered up for sacrifice as Abraham’s only son. Another incident that is disputed between the two religions is the Virgin Birth and the Nature of Jesus. The Koran does support the virgin birth of Christ but does not support the notion that Christ was resurrected.
The Koran suggests instead that the Virgin Mary gave birth to a prophet, who was free from innate sin because he was a virgin-born. The Bible then supports the notion that the virgin birth existed, and the Virgin Mary gave birth to the son of God, “In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent His only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him”.
Islam states that Christ is not divine, it rejects this ideal and is seen in the Koran, “The Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, was no more than Allah’s Apostle and His Word which He cast to Mary; a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah and His apostles and do not say: Three. Allah is but one God”. Jesus in the Bible, however, is believed to be “God manifest in the flesh”. This leads to the Trinity of the Christian faith.
Islam is monotheistic, stating, “For God hath said, ‘Take not to yourselves two Gods, for He is one God”. Christianity is also monotheistic, but God is made up of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; otherwise known as the “Trinity”. Christianity says, “The Spirit the Lord Him”, which refers to the Holy Spirit, Jesus, and God. Islam does not support this idea and the Koran argues that Christianity supports the notion of polytheism by stating that the Godhead represents three different Gods, not one.
In conclusion;
Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; they are two intricately woven religions that have some basic framework in common, but their beliefs diverge as well. For example, some of the similarities shared between the two are the angel Gabriel as a deliverer of important news, monotheism, God as the creator of the world, and judgment by God after death. Most of the differences seem to stem from Jesus’ role as a savior.
For example, Muslims do not believe that Jesus was anything more than a prophet and therefore, the Trinity can not exist. Also, there are some deviations in similar stories that are related to each religion, like that of Abraham and his sacrificial son. Despite these differences and similarities, we can agree that Christianity and Islam are both significant players in the world of religion and today’s society.
Similarities and Differences Between Islam and Christianity Essay; Image by PIRO4D from Pixabay.
May 21, 2022
Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words
Economic effects of minimum wage; Does a binding minimum wage make unemployment? Some unemployed workers would gladly con for a lower wage but cannot investigate a job, and some employers would be glad to employ workers at a deflated wage but the act forbids it. Thus, in a competitive labor sustain, a binding minimum wage reduces employment and creates involuntary unemployment.
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Then, make a obtain of binding minimum wages cause structural unemployment? frictional unemployment. Unemployment that results in the look of there are more people seeking jobs in a labor promotion than there are jobs available at the current wage rate is called: A critical minimum wage is likely to cause: structural unemployment.
Subsequently, ask is, what is a binding minimum wage? A minimum wage is a price floor implemented by the dealing out, which ensures that an employer must pay a minimum rate of pay to an employee, and all lower than this rate of pay is illegal. A minimum wage is binding if it is set above the equilibrium wage.
Simply thus, what happens to unemployment in front of minimum wage goes taking place? But according to leading economists including famed billionaire investor Warren Buffettminimum wages can lift unemployment by giving employers less incentive to employ and more incentive to automate and outsource tasks that were in the back performed by low-wage employees. What are the doubts about the Features of Management?
Introduction – Economic effects of minimum wage;
A binding minimum wage leads to numerous detrimental effects in a competitive labor market. This essay will highlight what these effects are, and what the outcome of these effects will bring to the labor market.
A labor market is defined by Parkin as a market where;
“Employers are on the demand side and workers are on the supply side. Firms decide how much labor to demand, and the lower the wage rate, the greater is the quantity demanded”.
It is said to be competitive when there is a surplus of workers that are seeking a job, with few employers willing to hire.
A minimum wage is a price floor implemented by the government, which ensures that an employer must pay a minimum rate of pay to an employee, and anything lower than this rate of pay is illegal. “A minimum wage is binding if it is set above the equilibrium wage”. “With a binding minimum, wage adjustments are blocked and the market is prevented from allocating labor resources”.
What are the effects of minimum wage more or less speaking employment?
A large body of evidence although not all of it confirms that minimum wages shorten employment in the company of low-wage, low-power workers. Second, minimum wages complete a bad job of targeting poor and low-allowance families. Minimum wage laws mandate high wages for low-wage workers rather than cutting edge earnings for low-allowance families.
In the Labour Market due to the minimum wage;
In the labor market, there is said to be an equilibrium wage. This is where the demand and supply lines on the minimum wage graph intersect, as it is the point that the rate of pay is equivalent to that of the number of hours worked/required. A binding minimum wage in a competitive labor market means that this equilibrium point is offset as the rate of pay must rises. This can be shown using the following graph.
About part (a) of Parkin’s graph previously, it is evident that the wage rate of â‚¬5 on the Y-axis is the equilibrium price, and 21 million hours per week is the equilibrium quantity on the X-axis. “The minimum wage is below the equilibrium wage rate and is not binding”.
Where the rate of pay has increased, and all employees are being paid a higher wage, the hiring company cannot afford to hire as many employees as it will be too expensive, because not only do they have to pay wages for the skilled jobs, they also have to pay a higher wage than they would have intended for workers to perform the lower-skilled jobs. Therefore this means that there will be workers on the supply side who will not be able to get a job, thus the unemployment rate will rise. This can be shown in part (b) of the graph.
About part (b), it can be seen that “the minimum wage is â‚¬6 an hour, which is above the equilibrium wage. The equilibrium wage is now illegal. At a minimum wage of â‚¬6 an hour, 20 million hours of labor are demanded and 22 million hours are supplied”. This difference that has been created due to the binding minimum wage creates a surplus of 2 million hours of work per week in the graph, which means that the unemployment rate now rising. This new minimum wage also means that unemployed workers are willing to supply the 20 millionth hour.
The inefficiency of the Labour market due to the minimum wage;
The minimum wage is not efficient, as Parkin states it “results in unemployment – wasted labor resources – and an inefficient amount of job search”. When looking at the effects of minimum wage graph, a deadweight loss is present. This occurs because of a decrease in both the worker’s surplus and the company’s surplus. This is seen in the following graph.
Also seen in this inefficiency graph is a potential loss from the job search. This loss is said to arise “because someone who finds a job earns â‚¬6 an hour but would have been willing to work for â‚¬4”. This inefficiency affects the labor market as it means there is a deadweight loss of 1 million hours of work per year.
What might soften my interpretation?
The use of a minimum wage brings numerous detrimental effects to people. When looking at the outcomes of a minimum wage, “it delivers an unfair result and imposes unfair rules (Parkin, et al., 2008)”. Parkin also states that this is unfair because only those who can find a job benefit, whereas the unemployed end up worse off than with no minimum wage.
Competitive and Noncompetitive Labor Markets;
The effects of minimum wage depend, in part, on the order of whether the labor calm is competitive or not, in which accomplishment employers exert significant decree greater than wage decisions. We evaluate the employment effects of the minimum wage out cold two extreme assumptions: In the first conflict, there are a lot of employers competing to attract workers; in the second, there is a single employer. These extremes assign us two benchmarks from which we can discuss specific situations and markets.
Perfectly competitive labor exposure is a composite of many firms that compete for workers. Firms have no carrying out to set wages; the minister to determines a competitive wage. If an unmodified deviates from this wage, it either pays less and loses workers or pays more, sustains losses, and exits the publicize.
At the added extreme is a labor assignment that is a growth of little local markets. In each local abet, some firms are in a dominant hiring point of view. In such an employer-dominated tune, a major employer has the facility to set a wage unilaterally without the distress of competition.
In both extremes, there are large numbers of potential workers, each of whom has a wage asleep which he will not operate (his reservation wage). As the push wage increases, more and more people become suitable to take outfits. The connection together surrounded by the shout from the rooftops wage and the number of workers who sore to play in for that amount is called the labor supply; it is represented by the upward-on a sloping curve.
Workers Job-Search Effort;
Economic effects of minimum wage; Let’s enrich our fable of the labor aerate now by assuming that workers can pick the depth once which they search for a job how much become antique they spend looking for a job, how many application letters they send out, and appropriately considering mention.
Under these conditions, an early-thinking wage exerts two opposing effects: It raises the payoff following workers locating a job, which motivates them to see harder. At the same mature, it weakens firms’ incentives to make jobs, making workers less likely to succeed and consequently dampening their search efforts. The net effect depends upon where the wage stood in the future of the calculation together. To see this, evaluate two extreme cases where wages initially are either high or low, depending upon the extent of workers’ bargaining skills.
First, suppose that workers have no bargaining facility, firms late accretion wages unilaterally, and workers search until they locate enough wage pay. Since employers invade every one surplus from their association in the by now labor, unemployed people have tiny incentive to search actively for a job; the result is high unemployment. Next, find the appendage extreme, where workers have all the bargaining realization to set wages. Firms make no profit from hiring more workers. Because initiation and advertising vacancies are expensive, firms get not realize consequently, and unemployment is tall.
This means that in markets that tend to be dominated by employers or equivalently, in markets where workers’ bargaining facility is not too tall, a compulsory addition in the wage can benefit future search extremity and difficult employment. If the server wage is low, a binding minimum wage can create employment more to your liking to workers, which strengthens their search efforts and so reduces unemployment. If the abet wage is high, a binding minimum wage might discourage workers from looking for a job because there are fewer vacancies.
The search models results are consistent as soon as the monopsony model: A minimum wage can, in theory, shorten unemployment.
Social effects of minimum wage; One can perform that workers’ search efforts and social welfare concerns together. The wage that maximizes one afterward maximizes the auxiliary. Because of that fact, if the atmosphere wage is little sufficient, a minimum wage improves labor reveal conditions and increases social welfare. Another appealing consequence of this model is that the minimum level of unemployment occurs and the minister to wage is below the one that maximizes workers’ search effort. This means that a minimum wage can create workers who improved though it increases unemployment.
Effects of Minimum Wage on Employment in 1700 Words; Image by Fehmi Murat KAYA from Pixabay.
May 15, 2022
Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words
Climate Change Essay; It is the gradual increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. It is caused by the emission of gases and particles into the atmosphere, and by the absorption of energy from the sun. The Earth’s climate has always been changing, but the rate of change has increased in recent decades.
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The Earth’s climate is determined by the average temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans. The atmosphere contains about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, and these gases trap energy from the sun. The oceans are a huge reservoir of heat, and they can slow or speed up the warming of the atmosphere.
Introduction to climate change essay and its effects.
Climate change in the world can be caused by various activities. When climate change occurs; temperatures can increase dramatically. When the temperature rises, many different changes can occur on Earth. For example, it can result in more floods, droughts, or heavy rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. Oceans and glaciers have also experienced some changes: oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, glaciers are melting, and sea levels are rising. As these changes frequently occur in future decades, they will likely present challenges to our society and environment.
During the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Most of the gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy. Greenhouse gases are like a blanket around the Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This is called the greenhouse effect and it is natural and necessary to support life on earth. However, while greenhouse gases build-up, the climate change essay and result in dangerous effects on human health and ecosystems.
People have adapted to the stable climate we have enjoyed since the last ice age which ended several thousand years ago. A warmer climate can bring changes that can affect our water supplies, agriculture, power and transportation systems, the natural environment, and even our health and safety. Some climate changes are unavoidable, and nothing can be done about them. For example, carbon dioxide can stay in the atmosphere for nearly a century, so Earth will continue to warm in the future. What are the doubts about Cobots in Manufacturing?
Solutions to climate change.
Global warming has taken effect in the world over the last century. It is the unusually rapid increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. Global warming is due to the enhancing greenhouse gases emission and build-up in the Earth’s environment. The gases that influence the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen-oxide, and methane. Almost 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice.
In the other 70 percent, most are absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. This absorption and radiation of heat by the atmosphere are beneficial for life on Earth. Today, the atmosphere contains more greenhouse gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface is absorbed by the atmosphere. By increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, we are making Earth’s atmosphere a more efficient greenhouse.
Climate has cooled and warmed throughout the Earth’s history for various reasons. Rapid warming like we see today is unusual in the history of our planet. Some of the factors that affect climates, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural. Climate can change if there is a change in the amount of solar energy that gets to the Earth. Volcano eruptions can affect climate because it spews out more than just lava and ash when erupts. Volcanoes release tiny particles made of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
The scientific consensus on climate change.
These particles get into the stratosphere and reflect solar radiation out to space. Snow and ice also have a significant effect on climate. When snow and ice melt Earth’s climate warms, less energy is reflected and this causes even more warming. There are many different ways that plants, animals, and other life on our planet can affect climate. Some can produce greenhouse gases that trap heat and aid global warming through the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by plants as they make their food by photosynthesis. During the night, plants release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Methane is made while farm animals, such as cattle and sheep digest their food. Cars and trucks can affect climate by releasing carbon dioxide when fossil fuels are burned to power them. When wildfires occur, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. However, if a forest of similar size grows again, about the same amount of carbon that was added to the atmosphere during the fire will be removed. Some effects that scientists have predicted in the past would result when the global change was occurring: loss of sea ice accelerated sea-level rise and more intense heat waves.
Scientists have confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the extent of climate change essay effects on individual regions will vary over time and with the ability of different societal and environmental systems to mitigate or adapt to change. This has been the warmest decade since 1880.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010 and 2005 have been the warmest years on record. The earth could warm by an additional 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit during the 21st century if we fail to reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels. The rising temperature will have significant effects on the earth’s climate patterns and all living things. Industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years.
In conclusion;
We need to take part and try to stop global warming and other effects of climate change essay. If the earth’s temperatures continue to rise in the future, living things on earth will become extinct due to the high temperatures. If humans contribute to controlling global warming, this world would be cooler and the high temperatures we currently have would decrease. If everybody as one takes a stand and tries to end most of the climate changes that are occurring, this world would be a safer place to live in.
Climate Change Essay for Students in 1100 Words; Image by Catazul from Pixabay.
May 15, 2022
Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments
What are some benefits of reading aloud or out loud for students? This assignment is my gain to the genuine step of my dissertation. In this assignment, I will discuss in detail what I will realize for my dissertation. First, I will discuss my subject and why I have chosen, it, and I will indicate my research questions and sub-questions. Next, I will identify key areas I compulsion to door very very just about and I will summarize 11 books and articles that meet the expense of useful scholastic background for my research.
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What are some tips for reading aloud or out loud effectively? The topics I am keen on are associated with defining reading, later the process, models, methods of teaching reading, strategies readers use, and miscue analysis virtually reading strategies. What are the doubts about Virtual Reality Pros and Cons? This second section will pro taking place me construct the literature evaluation for my dissertation. Finally, I will characterize my research procedure and the research methods I am going to use.
Section 1 My topic and why I chose it;
My topic is about problems my pupils have in reading aloud and finding ways of improving my pupils’ reading aloud. What are the benefits of reading aloud or out loud? I have chosen this topic because in my experience as a teacher I faced and taught different kinds of pupils from different levels, I have found that most of them have problems with reading, particularly reading aloud.
Some of them are good at reading aloud but have many do substitute for other words, and have omission of words or letter sounds while reading. This could be due to a lack of sight vocabulary, lack of phonic skills, or lack of strategies for reading. Some of them can’t produce a single word. I discovered that pupils were learning nothing if they could not read aloud. My pupils who cannot read aloud have general difficulty in decoding any reading text successfully.
I believe my research is important because reading aloud is very important for my pupils in grade 9, which is closer to the final school-leaving examinations in grade 12. I hope it may able me and my colleagues to find the diagnoses to help the participants and in the future to help all my pupils with their reading problems. In my research, I will try to analyze and describe their miscues in reading aloud according to their levels of good, average, and weak.
That time I couldn’t do anything about it because I didn’t have the experience to help them. After I joined the B. A course and studied EDUC 2031 TEYL, EDUC2033 Initial Literacy, and EDUC2028 Language learning from these modules I realized the nature of young learners how do they learn, how do they acquire a new language, and how to teach reading to young learners.
As I understood the older ways of teaching reading focused on letters and words and how to say them, all language books are concerned with that view only. The new research showed a different view that relies on the development of all language skills so because reading in a second language is seen as a thinking exercise that’s not only concerned with reading words, sentences, and pages only but it is with developing language as a whole.
Reading is the main reason to build the personality of a person as I mentioned before and it is the main thing that teaching and learning stand on because it is a communication way between the learner and the academic culture in the schools. I would like my pupils to be able to use reading for study, for pleasure, to understand and to interact with what they learning.
My pupils are in grade 9 of the general education school at the age of 14 years old with different ability levels. They have been studying English for five years only using ‘Our World Through English’. They started learning English in grade 4. In addition, they are similar in many things such as pupils’ environment, strengths, and weaknesses areas they have.
I decided to do research for my dissertation where I will focus on finding the difficulties my pupils face in reading aloud and helping me find ways to improve my pupils in reading aloud. Although my research will focus on reading aloud, from my experience a pupil cannot read aloud well, he can have little or no comprehension when he read silently. My research question is:
How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils?
My sub-questions will be:
- What miscues do my good pupils and weak pupils make when reading aloud?
- Based on my miscue analysis, what reading strategies do my good pupils and my weak pupils use when reading aloud?
- What reading strategies can I encourage my pupils to develop to improve their reading?
- In my research the subjects will be six pupils from 2 of them are good, the other 2 are average and the last 2 are weak pupils)
Section 2 Summaries of relevant literature;
What are some common problems people experience when reading aloud or out loud? The key areas I will need to read about for my research are:
- reading process
- models of reading
- Methods of teaching reading.
- reading strategies
- miscue analysis
How miscue analysis can be used to identify the reading strategies that pupils use and the errors they make.
In this section, I discuss 11 books/articles that I want to use for my dissertation because they will help me to develop my understanding of issues related to my research. What are the doubts about Cobots in Manufacturing? The aspects that are relevant to my study are summarized below.
Urquhart and Weir (1998);
Urquhart and Weir discuss three models of reading and I will state them here:
Bottom-up approach. They say these analyses begin with the stimulus, i.e. the text, orbits of the text. They say that in Gough’s (1972) model, the reader begins with letters, which are recognized by a scanner. The information thus gained is passed to the decoder, which converts the string of letters into a string of systematic phonemes, then word, then sentence then text. So ‘bottom-up models are sequential in that one stage is completed before another is begun.
Top-down approaches. Since bottom-up models start with the smallest text unit, either letters or letter features, we could expect, then, those top-down models to begin with the largest unit, the whole text. According to Urquhart and Weir for a top-down model of reading, readers first use their background knowledge to help them make sense of the text. So for top-down approaches background knowledge is very important.
Interactive approach. In interactive models (Urquhart and Weir refer to Rumelhart, 1977), there is no regular sequence from top to bottom or from bottom up. They quote Stanovich ‘the best-known proponent of interactive models’, that in interactive models a pattern is synthesized based on information provided simultaneously from several sources’ (1980:35). So in interactive approaches reader uses both small text units and background knowledge to make sense of a text at the same time.
Urquhart and Weir describe reading strategies to be a conscious response to difficulties in the text while reading action selected deliberately to achieve goals (Is this a Quotation?).
Aebersold and Field (1997);
Aebersold and Field also have sections on models of reading. They also focus on the reader’s experience in learning how to read and the ways reading fits into their lives. They give five common influential sources for information that affect reading development, particularly family, the community, and the school influence. They mention that despite its relatively small size, a family can foster a variety of experience that affects a child’s reading development.
They say that the community influence provides readers with a set of varied life experiences that also shape their knowledge. Thirdly the school can bring children into contact with communities other than their own or they can be a homogeneous institution that reflects shared values. This is interesting because in Oman children learn English without much support from the family or the community and school does not bring children in contact with many other communities.
Riley (1996);
This article has a section on models of reading. The author discusses how schema theory describes the process by which readers combine their background knowledge with the information in a text to help them comprehend that text. All readers carry different schemata (background information) and these are also often culture-specific. This is an important concept in ESL teaching, and many books have pre-reading tasks that are designed to build or activate the learner’s schemata. The author also highlights some of the limitations of the use of the schema-theory approach and points out the importance both of developing the learner’s vocabulary and of encouraging extensive reading.
Wray and Medwell (1991);
This article focuses on the reading process, models of reading, and approaches to teaching reading.
In the reading process, they mentioned that reading is a highly complicated process, and there are several insights and concepts that the successful reader must develop. In models of reading, they discuss bottom-up models, top-down models, and interactive models and they strongly criticize the bottom-up model. They also have a section on teaching reading approaches – look and say phonic methods of teaching reading, and language experience approach. I discuss these under Graton and Spratt (1998) below.
Graton and Pratt (1998);
This book has useful sections on methods of teaching reading (whole word, phonics, language experience ) and the methods teachers can use to teach pupils how to read. Most teachers use these methods to help their students in reading, sometimes they choose one of these methods but some teachers work on two or more because they think each method is completed by the other.
The phonic method is widely used by language teachers to teach reading and writing in English for second language learners. It relies on children being taught the alphabet first. Then they learn to pronounce the sounds of the letters. However, it is difficult to depend only on phonics because English is not a regular spelling language. The second method is ‘look and say’ or the whole word method. Here pupils learn to recognize whole words or sentences rather than individual sounds.
The pupils will look at a word that the teacher sound, often with a picture, and in turns will repeat the word. The problem is that it does not teach children to work out new words for themselves. The context support method can be used when the pupils are just learning to read and it is important to choose exercises or activities that interest them. If the pupils like cars, choose an activity or exercise with pictures and simple words about cars. This will keep their interest and they will enjoy learning with the teacher.
O’Malley and Valdez Pierce (2001);
O’Malley and Valdez Pierce give a useful part about miscue analysis (p 124-5). They say it involves listening to a student reading aloud and recording the miscues. In types of miscues, they mention repetitions, substitutions, insertions, omissions, and self-corrections. They also recommend the teacher must get the student to answer reading comprehension questions. They say miscue analysis can provide information about (1) the readers’ ability to use language and the reading process (2) it can be used for assessing reading, the reader’s approaches to reading and reading comprehension (3) information for revising approaches to teaching reading, how it can be used by teachers effectively to improve their learners reading.
This book has useful lists of reading strategies (p 121-123) and suggests how miscue analysis can be used to identify reading strategies readers are using. The authors talk about reading in the native language and then reading in a second language, which I am interested in. The writers said that learners who do have native language literacy skills might not know how to transfer their skills to the second language without specific strategy instruction.
Carter and Nunan (Eds.) (2001);
Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) define reading strategies as ‘Ways of accessing text meaning which is employed flexibly and selectively in the course of reading. In teaching, attention is paid to how the reader can draw effectively on existing linguistic and background knowledge. They list the good reading strategies that learners use to help them read in a very efficient way, to get the maximum benefit from their reading with minimum effort. These include drawing inferences, predicting, and using the information in the text such as pictures.
They also discuss miscue analysis about reading strategies:
As they say, miscue analysis refers to ‘the study of the text alterations conducted by the subject while the pupil reads the text and would be very impossible without reading aloud’. Carter and Nunan (Eds) (2001) assert that for early readers miscue analysis can be used by teachers to assess the quality and quantity of learners’ errors in their processing of text. First, this is especially useful for L2 learners ‘who because of their interlanguage system may show systemic syntactic and phonological departures from Standard English’. In addition, they argue that miscues will be based on learners’ current interlanguage rather than because of a misunderstanding of the text.
Wallace (2001) p26 in Carter and Nunan (2001);
Wallace discusses miscue analysis and she focuses on how miscue analysis can be used for early readers to assess the quality and the number of learners’ errors.
Beard (1987);
Beard has a section on miscue analysis and methods of teaching reading (whole word, phonics, language experience). The author focuses on miscue analysis and gives some models of how to use miscue analysis to develop pupils’ reading and how ‘miscue analysis can fulfill an important diagnostic function of a kind not readily offered by other more established means of reading assessment.’
Cameron (2001);
The author has sections on reading strategies, models of reading (bottom-up, top-down, and interactive), methods of teaching reading(whole word, phonics, language experience ) and discusses how miscues can help the teacher identify the reading strategies a reader is using. The author gives an example from her experience of reading with a little Malaysian girl. The author mentioned that she had introduced her to the strategies such as:
- With the word ‘bar’, I pointed to the first letter, the sound of which she knew, and then she managed to sound out the word’.
- With the word ‘rather’ I just told her the word and did not spend any time on it, because it was not crucial to the meaning of the story and is not a particularly useful word to learn at her stage’.
- ith the word ‘meals’ I told her the word and then explained the meaning as the story progressed and the heroine moved from breakfast to tea.’
- When she came to ‘watching TV’ she said ‘washing’. From this miscue, I could see that she was making a good attempt at the word and had noticed the initial consonant and the final rime.’
According to www.mindtools.com/pages/articals/ miscue analysis refers to the study of text alterations made by the subject while s/he reads the text aloud. They summarise the research of Clay, Goodman, and Weber (Davies 1995, p13) and they give a useful list of types of miscues. They say that the alterations often made by a reader are:
- Substitution (another word is pronounced instead of the printed word)
- Self-correction (the reader realizes his/her mistake and corrects him/herself.)
- Repetition (the printed word is repeated orally)
- Omission (a word is missed from the text)
- Insertion (a word not in the text is added by the reader)
- Reversal (the word order gets changed or inverted)
- Hesitation (the reader pauses or makes a sound indicating hesitation)
A long pause.
The article also relates the miscues to approaches. It says that if a reader shows more hesitations, long pauses, and self-correction, this shows a bottom-up approach with the reader giving most attention to pronouncing the printed words. If a reader shows more miscues such as omission, insertion, reversal, and substitution, this shows a more top-down approach where the reader is paying attention to the meaning of the whole text, not reading word by word.
How I will investigate my research question;
As discussed above, my research question will be ‘How can I develop the reading aloud abilities of my grade nine pupils? ‘
My Approach:
For my approach and method, I read Blaxter, Hughes, & Tight, (2000), Cohen, Manion, & Morrison (2000), and Nunan (1992). Duty of Care Law English and Irish Approaches 2000; For my research approach, I will use an action research approach enabling me to investigate my pupils over a period. Action research grows from the idea that a good teacher reflects on what happens in the classroom â€“ possibly changing it.
My Method;
For my research, I will plan to use miscue analysis and interviews. The miscue analysis will provide quantitative data and the interviews will provide qualitative data. I will select a text from the coursebook which is not familiar to my pupils, I will let them each read aloud this text, I will record them while reading, then I will use miscue analyses to help me analyze their mistakes. Finally, I will interview each pupil, I will ask questions to assess their comprehension of the text, to get them to tell me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words, and to try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly.
The research Procedure;
My research will include an unknown reading text from the OWTE coursebook that the six pupils will read to have effective and organized results for my research question. This text from the coursebook OWTE that I think will be not familiar to the pupils because I gave it to them for the first time. First I will use pre-reading questions to prepare each pupil for the reading. Pre-reading is a way of sampling where the students are familiar with the content that you are going to give them.
It is a useful strategy for beginning with a class, especially when classes contain students with mixed abilities coming from a diversity of backgrounds. Then each pupil will read the text and I record it. Then I will note down all the miscues. Finally, I will interview them to examine their understanding, assess their comprehension of the text, get them to tell me what strategies they used to work out the meanings of some words, and try to find out why they failed to read certain words correctly.
My Expectations:
I expect some problems, and here I discuss how I will overcome them:
Miscue analysis, I cannot assume that any two pupils will have the same miscues. In addition, anxiety may cause artificial results. To overcome these problems, I will choose six pupils from different levels. I will try to get them relaxed, so I will tell them about the reason for my research, and I will do the recording in a quiet place, so we are undisturbed.
Pupils may feel boring from doing reading every time, so I must prepare a good situation for them to feel comfortable. The main problem I think is the time. These kinds of studies should not be used in a short period because the researcher needs to try many ways to investigate his pupils and his study to collect valid, reliable data.
Conclusion;
The EDUC 3079 helped me a lot in finding solutions for many problems that I will face in the future in my life as a teacher to help my pupils to reach success in their life as students. I learned how to read a lot and how to use linguistics theories to help my pupils learn and discover the problems. The use of miscue analysis is a very useful way to solve pupils’ weaknesses in reading because it allows me to focus on the problem itself, and how to deal with each problem individually.
Reading Aloud or Out Loud 2 Section Assignments Essay; Image by StockSnap from Pixabay.
May 13, 2022